RecA

• Description: multifunctional protein involved in homologous recombination and DNA repair (LexA-autocleavage), required to internalize and to recombine ssDNA with homologous resident duplex, required for efficient survival and replication restart after replication-transcription conflicts
  
  

Gene name	recA
Synonyms	recE
Essential	no
Product	multifunctional protein involved in homologous recombination and DNA repair (LexA-autocleavage)
Function	DNA repair/ recombination
Gene expression levels in SubtiExpress: recA
Interactions involving this protein in SubtInteract: RecA
MW, pI	37 kDa, 4.883
Gene length, protein length	1041 bp, 347 aa
Immediate neighbours	cinA, pbpX
Sequences	Protein DNA DNA_with_flanks
Genetic context This image was kindly provided by SubtiList
Expression at a glance   PubMed

Categories containing this gene/protein

DNA repair/ recombination, genetic competence, phosphoproteins, most abundant proteins

This gene is a member of the following regulons

ComK regulon, LexA regulon

The gene

Basic information

• Locus tag: BSU16940

Phenotypes of a mutant

• drastically reduced survival of mature dormant spores after exposure to ultrahigh vacuum desiccation and ionizing radiation that induce single strand (ss) DNA nicks and double-strand breaks (DSBs) PubMed

Database entries

• BsubCyc: BSU16940

• DBTBS entry: [1]

• SubtiList entry: [2]

Additional information

RecA filaments are dismantled from DNA by PcrA PubMed

The protein

Basic information/ Evolution

• Catalyzed reaction/ biological activity:
  • RecA stimulates ssDNA phosphorylase activity of PnpA PubMed
  • RecA-ATP in concert with DprA and SsbA catalyzes DNA strand exchange, with SsbB as an accessory factor PubMed
  • RecA-dATP catalyzes strand exchange even in the absence of the accessory factors PubMed

• Protein family: recA family (according to Swiss-Prot)

• Paralogous protein(s):

Extended information on the protein

• Kinetic information:

• Domains:

• Modification:
  • phosphorylated on Arg-58 PubMed
  • phosphorylated on Ser-2 PubMed by YabT PubMed

• Cofactors:

• Effectors of protein activity:
  • RecO and DprA provide RecA access to ssDNA during chromosomal transformation PubMed

• Interactions:
  • RecA-DprA PubMed
  • RecA-RecU PubMed
  • RecA-ComFA PubMed
  • SsbB-RecA PubMed
  • YabT-RecA PubMed

• Localization:
  • colocalizes to the replisome in response to endogenous and exogenous DNA damage and in response to damage-independent fork arrest (formation of DNA repair centers), repair center formation depends on RecO and RecR, and is facilitated by RecF and SsbA PubMed
  • Nucleoid (Mid-cell) PubMed
  • localizes to one cell pole PubMed
  • forms a transient, mobile focus associated with the chromosome during spore development PubMed

Database entries

• BsubCyc: BSU16940

• Structure: 1U94 (RecA from E. coli, 62% identity, 86% similarity)

• UniProt: P16971

• KEGG entry: [3]

• E.C. number:

Expression and regulation

• Operon: recA PubMed

• Expression browser: recA PubMed

• Sigma factor: SigA PubMed

• Regulation:
  • induced by DNA damage (LexA) PubMed
  • induced by conditions that trigger development of genetic competence (ComK) PubMed

• Regulatory mechanism:
  • LexA: transcription repression PubMed
  • ComK: transcription activation PubMed

• Additional information:
  • belongs to the 100 most abundant proteins PubMed
  • number of protein molecules per cell (minimal medium with glucose and ammonium): 417 PubMed
  • number of protein molecules per cell (complex medium with amino acids, without glucose): 1257 PubMed
  • number of protein molecules per cell (minimal medium with glucose and ammonium, exponential phase): 5143 PubMed
  • number of protein molecules per cell (minimal medium with glucose and ammonium, early stationary phase after glucose exhaustion): 3169 PubMed
  • number of protein molecules per cell (minimal medium with glucose and ammonium, late stationary phase after glucose exhaustion): 4953 PubMed

Biological materials

• Mutant:
  • IRN444 (cat), available in Jörg Stülke's lab
  • 1A746 (recA::erm), PubMed, available at BGSC
  • 1A786 (recA::kan), PubMed, available at BGSC
  • BP469 (recA::erm), available in Fabian Commichau's lab

• Expression vector: for expression, purification in E. coli with N-terminal His-tag, pRSETA available in Ulf Gerth's lab

• lacZ fusion:

• GFP fusion:

• two-hybrid system: B. pertussis adenylate cyclase-based bacterial two hybrid system (BACTH), available in Fabian Commichau's lab

• Antibody:

Labs working on this gene/protein

Peter Graumann, Freiburg University, Germany homepage

References

Original publications

Samuel Million-Weaver, Ariana Nakta Samadpour, Houra Merrikh
Replication Restart after Replication-Transcription Conflicts Requires RecA in Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 2015, 197(14);2374-82
[PubMed:25939832] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Wannasiri Wannarat, Shiori Motoyama, Kenta Masuda, Fujio Kawamura, Takashi Inaoka
Tetracycline tolerance mediated by gene amplification in Bacillus subtilis.
Microbiology (Reading): 2014, 160(Pt 11);2474-2480
[PubMed:25169108] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Tribhuwan Yadav, Begoña Carrasco, Ester Serrano, Juan C Alonso
Roles of Bacillus subtilis DprA and SsbA in RecA-mediated genetic recombination.
J Biol Chem: 2014, 289(40);27640-52
[PubMed:25138221] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Justin S Lenhart, Eileen R Brandes, Jeremy W Schroeder, Roderick J Sorenson, Hollis D Showalter, Lyle A Simmons
RecO and RecR are necessary for RecA loading in response to DNA damage and replication fork stress.
J Bacteriol: 2014, 196(15);2851-60
[PubMed:24891441] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Wojciech W Krajewski, Xin Fu, Martin Wilkinson, Nora B Cronin, Mark S Dillingham, Dale B Wigley
Structural basis for translocation by AddAB helicase-nuclease and its arrest at χ sites.
Nature: 2014, 508(7496);416-9
[PubMed:24670664] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Paula P Cardenas, Carolina Gándara, Juan C Alonso
DNA double strand break end-processing and RecA induce RecN expression levels in Bacillus subtilis.
DNA Repair (Amst): 2014, 14;1-8
[PubMed:24373815] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Christian Lesterlin, Graeme Ball, Lothar Schermelleh, David J Sherratt
RecA bundles mediate homology pairing between distant sisters during DNA break repair.
Nature: 2014, 506(7487);249-53
[PubMed:24362571] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Ignacija Vlašić, Ramona Mertens, Elena M Seco, Begoña Carrasco, Silvia Ayora, Günther Reitz, Fabian M Commichau, Juan C Alonso, Ralf Moeller
Bacillus subtilis RecA and its accessory factors, RecF, RecO, RecR and RecX, are required for spore resistance to DNA double-strand break.
Nucleic Acids Res: 2014, 42(4);2295-307
[PubMed:24285298] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Tribhuwan Yadav, Begoña Carrasco, James Hejna, Yuki Suzuki, Kunio Takeyasu, Juan C Alonso
Bacillus subtilis DprA recruits RecA onto single-stranded DNA and mediates annealing of complementary strands coated by SsbB and SsbA.
J Biol Chem: 2013, 288(31);22437-50
[PubMed:23779106] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Vladimir Bidnenko, Lei Shi, Ahasanul Kobir, Magali Ventroux, Nathalie Pigeonneau, Céline Henry, Alain Trubuil, Marie-Françoise Noirot-Gros, Ivan Mijakovic
Bacillus subtilis serine/threonine protein kinase YabT is involved in spore development via phosphorylation of a bacterial recombinase.
Mol Microbiol: 2013, 88(5);921-35
[PubMed:23634894] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Aimee H Marceau, Douglas A Bernstein, Brian W Walsh, Walker Shapiro, Lyle A Simmons, James L Keck
Protein interactions in genome maintenance as novel antibacterial targets.
PLoS One: 2013, 8(3);e58765
[PubMed:23536821] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Paula P Cárdenas, Begoña Carrasco, Clarisse Defeu Soufo, Carolina E César, Katharina Herr, Miriam Kaufenstein, Peter L Graumann, Juan C Alonso
RecX facilitates homologous recombination by modulating RecA activities.
PLoS Genet: 2012, 8(12);e1003126
[PubMed:23284295] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Alexander K W Elsholz, Kürsad Turgay, Stephan Michalik, Bernd Hessling, Katrin Gronau, Dan Oertel, Ulrike Mäder, Jörg Bernhardt, Dörte Becher, Michael Hecker, Ulf Gerth
Global impact of protein arginine phosphorylation on the physiology of Bacillus subtilis.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A: 2012, 109(19);7451-6
[PubMed:22517742] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Tribhuwan Yadav, Begoña Carrasco, Angela R Myers, Nicholas P George, James L Keck, Juan C Alonso
Genetic recombination in Bacillus subtilis: a division of labor between two single-strand DNA-binding proteins.
Nucleic Acids Res: 2012, 40(12);5546-59
[PubMed:22373918] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Paula P Cardenas, Thomas Carzaniga, Sandro Zangrossi, Federica Briani, Esther Garcia-Tirado, Gianni Dehò, Juan C Alonso
Polynucleotide phosphorylase exonuclease and polymerase activities on single-stranded DNA ends are modulated by RecN, SsbA and RecA proteins.
Nucleic Acids Res: 2011, 39(21);9250-61
[PubMed:21859751] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Miriam Kaufenstein, Martin van der Laan, Peter L Graumann
The three-layered DNA uptake machinery at the cell pole in competent Bacillus subtilis cells is a stable complex.
J Bacteriol: 2011, 193(7);1633-42
[PubMed:21278288] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Jeehae Park, Sua Myong, Anita Niedziela-Majka, Kyung Suk Lee, Jin Yu, Timothy M Lohman, Taekjip Ha
PcrA helicase dismantles RecA filaments by reeling in DNA in uniform steps.
Cell: 2010, 142(4);544-55
[PubMed:20723756] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Boumediene Soufi, Chanchal Kumar, Florian Gnad, Matthias Mann, Ivan Mijakovic, Boris Macek
Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) applied to quantitative proteomics of Bacillus subtilis.
J Proteome Res: 2010, 9(7);3638-46
[PubMed:20509597] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Dawit Kidane, Begoña Carrasco, Candela Manfredi, Katharina Rothmaier, Silvia Ayora, Serkalem Tadesse, Juan C Alonso, Peter L Graumann
Evidence for different pathways during horizontal gene transfer in competent Bacillus subtilis cells.
PLoS Genet: 2009, 5(9);e1000630
[PubMed:19730681] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Lyle A Simmons, Alexi I Goranov, Hajime Kobayashi, Bryan W Davies, Daniel S Yuan, Alan D Grossman, Graham C Walker
Comparison of responses to double-strand breaks between Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis reveals different requirements for SOS induction.
J Bacteriol: 2009, 191(4);1152-61
[PubMed:19060143] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Isabelle Mortier-Barrière, Marion Velten, Pauline Dupaigne, Nicolas Mirouze, Olivier Piétrement, Stephen McGovern, Gwennaele Fichant, Bernard Martin, Philippe Noirot, Eric Le Cam, Patrice Polard, Jean-Pierre Claverys
A key presynaptic role in transformation for a widespread bacterial protein: DprA conveys incoming ssDNA to RecA.
Cell: 2007, 130(5);824-36
[PubMed:17803906] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Naomi Kramer, Jeanette Hahn, David Dubnau
Multiple interactions among the competence proteins of Bacillus subtilis.
Mol Microbiol: 2007, 65(2);454-64
[PubMed:17630974] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Syam P Anand, Haocheng Zheng, Piero R Bianco, Sanford H Leuba, Saleem A Khan
DNA helicase activity of PcrA is not required for the displacement of RecA protein from DNA or inhibition of RecA-mediated strand exchange.
J Bacteriol: 2007, 189(12);4502-9
[PubMed:17449621] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Lyle A Simmons, Alan D Grossman, Graham C Walker
Replication is required for the RecA localization response to DNA damage in Bacillus subtilis.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A: 2007, 104(4);1360-5
[PubMed:17229847] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Jean-Christophe Meile, Ling Juan Wu, S Dusko Ehrlich, Jeff Errington, Philippe Noirot
Systematic localisation of proteins fused to the green fluorescent protein in Bacillus subtilis: identification of new proteins at the DNA replication factory.
Proteomics: 2006, 6(7);2135-46
[PubMed:16479537] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Nora Au, Elke Kuester-Schoeck, Veena Mandava, Laura E Bothwell, Susan P Canny, Karen Chachu, Sierra A Colavito, Shakierah N Fuller, Eli S Groban, Laura A Hensley, Theresa C O'Brien, Amish Shah, Jessica T Tierney, Louise L Tomm, Thomas M O'Gara, Alexi I Goranov, Alan D Grossman, Charles M Lovett
Genetic composition of the Bacillus subtilis SOS system.
J Bacteriol: 2005, 187(22);7655-66
[PubMed:16267290] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Dawit Kidane, Peter L Graumann
Dynamic formation of RecA filaments at DNA double strand break repair centers in live cells.
J Cell Biol: 2005, 170(3);357-66
[PubMed:16061691] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Begoña Carrasco, Silvia Ayora, Rudi Lurz, Juan C Alonso
Bacillus subtilis RecU Holliday-junction resolvase modulates RecA activities.
Nucleic Acids Res: 2005, 33(12);3942-52
[PubMed:16024744] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I e)

Christine Eymann, Annette Dreisbach, Dirk Albrecht, Jörg Bernhardt, Dörte Becher, Sandy Gentner, Le Thi Tam, Knut Büttner, Gerrit Buurman, Christian Scharf, Simone Venz, Uwe Völker, Michael Hecker
A comprehensive proteome map of growing Bacillus subtilis cells.
Proteomics: 2004, 4(10);2849-76
[PubMed:15378759] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Hanne Jarmer, Randy Berka, Steen Knudsen, Hans H Saxild
Transcriptome analysis documents induced competence of Bacillus subtilis during nitrogen limiting conditions.
FEMS Microbiol Lett: 2002, 206(2);197-200
[PubMed:11814663] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

L W Hamoen, B Haijema, J J Bijlsma, G Venema, C M Lovett
The Bacillus subtilis competence transcription factor, ComK, overrides LexA-imposed transcriptional inhibition without physically displacing LexA.
J Biol Chem: 2001, 276(46);42901-7
[PubMed:11555642] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

B J Haijema, D van Sinderen, K Winterling, J Kooistra, G Venema, L W Hamoen
Regulated expression of the dinR and recA genes during competence development and SOS induction in Bacillus subtilis.
Mol Microbiol: 1996, 22(1);75-85
[PubMed:8899710] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

C M Lovett, K C Cho, T M O'Gara
Purification of an SOS repressor from Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 1993, 175(21);6842-9
[PubMed:8226626] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

D L Cheo, K W Bayles, R E Yasbin
Elucidation of regulatory elements that control damage induction and competence induction of the Bacillus subtilis SOS system.
J Bacteriol: 1993, 175(18);5907-15
[PubMed:7690748] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)