Phosphorelay

Parent categories	4. Lifestyles 4.2. Sporulation and Germination
Neighbouring categories	4.2.1. Sporulation proteins 4.2.2. Phosphorelay 4.2.3. Sporulation/ other 4.2.4. Germination
Related categories	two-component systems response regulator aspartate phosphatases phosphoproteins protein kinases and phosphatases
Overview on the categories (Excel file) All genes and their categories (Excel file)

Parent categories	3. Information processing 3.4. Regulation of gene expression
Neighbouring categories	3.4.1. Sigma factors and their control 3.4.2. Transcription factors and their control 3.4.3. Trigger enzymes 3.4.4. RNA binding regulators 3.4.5. Regulators of core metabolism 3.4.6. Transition state regulators 3.4.7. Phosphorelay 3.4.8. Quorum sensing 3.4.9. Other regulators
Related categories	see Table to the right
Overview on the categories (Excel file) All genes and their categories (Excel file)

The phosphorelay is a complex variation of a two-component regulatory system. It includes phosphotransferases that transfer the phosphoryl group from the sensor kinases to the ultimate target. The sporulation initiation phosphorelay is the paradigm of this class of signal transduction systems.

The kinases

• KinA (controlled by Sda, SivA, BslA, KipI, and KipA)
• KinB (controlled by Sda, KbaA, and KapB)
• KinC
• KinD
• KinE

Proteins controlliing the activity of the kinases

• BslA
• KapB
• KbaA
• KipA
• KipI
• Sda
• SivA
• SivC

The phosphotransferases

• Spo0F
• Spo0B

The ultimate target

• Spo0A

Phosphatases controlling the phosphorelay (and peptides that modulate their activity)

• Spo0E: dephosphorylation of Spo0A
• YisI: dephosphorylation of Spo0A
• YnzD: dephosphorylation of Spo0A
• RapA, PhrA: dephosphorylation of Spo0F
• RapB: dephosphorylation of Spo0F
• RapE, PhrE: dephosphorylation of Spo0F
• RapH: dephosphorylation of Spo0F
• RapP: dephosphorylation of Spo0F PubMed

Other protein controlling the activity of the phosphorelay

• the YmcA- YlbF-YaaT complex stimulates phosphotransfer to Spo0A PubMed

Important original publications

Zhuo Chen, Priyanka Srivastava, Brenda Zarazúa-Osorio, Anuradha Marathe, Masaya Fujita, Oleg A Igoshin
Bacillus subtilis Histidine Kinase KinC Activates Biofilm Formation by Controlling Heterogeneity of Single-Cell Responses.
mBio: 2022, 13(1);e0169421
[PubMed:35012345] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Philip Davidson, Rory Eutsey, Brendan Redler, N Luisa Hiller, Michael T Laub, Dannie Durand
Flexibility and constraint: Evolutionary remodeling of the sporulation initiation pathway in Firmicutes.
PLoS Genet: 2018, 14(9);e1007470
[PubMed:30212463] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I e)

Jatin Narula, Anna Kuchina, Fang Zhang, Masaya Fujita, Gürol M Süel, Oleg A Igoshin
Slowdown of growth controls cellular differentiation.
Mol Syst Biol: 2016, 12(5);871
[PubMed:27216630] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I e)

Jatin Narula, Anna Kuchina, Dong-Yeon D Lee, Masaya Fujita, Gürol M Süel, Oleg A Igoshin
Chromosomal Arrangement of Phosphorelay Genes Couples Sporulation and DNA Replication.
Cell: 2015, 162(2);328-337
[PubMed:26165942] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Jatin Narula, Seram N Devi, Masaya Fujita, Oleg A Igoshin
Ultrasensitivity of the Bacillus subtilis sporulation decision.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A: 2012, 109(50);E3513-22
[PubMed:23169620] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Anna Kuchina, Lorena Espinar, Tolga Çağatay, Alejandro O Balbin, Fang Zhang, Alma Alvarado, Jordi Garcia-Ojalvo, Gürol M Süel
Temporal competition between differentiation programs determines cell fate choice.
Mol Syst Biol: 2011, 7;557
[PubMed:22146301] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I e)

Anna L McLoon, Ilana Kolodkin-Gal, Shmuel M Rubinstein, Roberto Kolter, Richard Losick
Spatial regulation of histidine kinases governing biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis.
J Bacteriol: 2011, 193(3);679-85
[PubMed:21097618] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)