Toxins, antitoxins and immunity against toxins

Parent categories	4. Lifestyles 4.3. Coping with stress
Neighbouring categories	4.3.1. General stress proteins (controlled by SigB) 4.3.2. Cell envelope stress proteins (controlled by SigM, V, W, X, Y) 4.3.3. Acid stress proteins (controlled by SigO-RsoA) 4.3.4. Heat shock proteins 4.3.5. Cold stress proteins 4.3.6. Coping with hyper-osmotic stress 4.3.7. Coping with hypo-osmotic stress 4.3.8. Resistance against oxidative and electrophile stress 4.3.9. Resistance against other toxic compounds (nitric oxide, phenolic acids, flavonoids, oxalate) 4.3.10. Resistance against toxic metals 4.3.11. Resistance against toxins/ antibiotics 4.3.12. Biosynthesis of antibacterial compounds 4.3.13. Toxins, antitoxins and immunity against toxins
Related categories	none
Overview on the categories (Excel file) All genes and their categories (Excel file)

Classes of toxin/ antitoxin systems

• Type 1: toxic peptide/ antisense RNA
• Type 2: toxic protein/ antitoxin protein
• Type 3: toxic protein/ antagonistic RNA

Genes in this functional category

Type 1 TA systems:

• as part of the Skin element
  • TxpA/ ratA
  • BsrH/ as-bsrH

• as part of SPß prophage
  • BsrG/ SR4 (= anti-bsrG)
  • YonT/ as-yonT

• as part of the prophage-like element P6
  • BsrE/ SR5

Type 2 TA systems:

• as part of SPß prophage
  • SunA/ SunI

• as part of the Skin element
  • YqcG-YqcF

Additional candidates

• WapA/ WapI
• ndoA
• ndoAI
• sdpA
• sdpB
• sdpC
• sdpI
• sdpR
• skfA
• skfB
• skfC
• skfE
• skfF
• spoIISA
• spoIISB

• YokI-YokJ
• YobL-YobK
• YxiD-YxxD
• YeeF-YezG
• YwqJ

Additional candidates (based on similarity)

• ybgB
• yczM
• yczN
• ykfA
• yocD
• yokG

Key reviews

Sabine Brantl, Natalie Jahn
sRNAs in bacterial type I and type III toxin-antitoxin systems.
FEMS Microbiol Rev: 2015, 39(3);413-27
[PubMed:25808661] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Christopher F Schuster, Ralph Bertram
Toxin-antitoxin systems are ubiquitous and versatile modulators of prokaryotic cell fate.
FEMS Microbiol Lett: 2013, 340(2);73-85
[PubMed:23289536] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Sylvain Durand, Natalie Jahn, Ciarán Condon, Sabine Brantl
Type I toxin-antitoxin systems in Bacillus subtilis.
RNA Biol: 2012, 9(12);1491-7
[PubMed:23059907] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Tim R Blower, Francesca L Short, Feng Rao, Kenji Mizuguchi, Xue Y Pei, Peter C Fineran, Ben F Luisi, George P C Salmond
Identification and classification of bacterial Type III toxin-antitoxin systems encoded in chromosomal and plasmid genomes.
Nucleic Acids Res: 2012, 40(13);6158-73
[PubMed:22434880] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Tim R Blower, George P C Salmond, Ben F Luisi
Balancing at survival's edge: the structure and adaptive benefits of prokaryotic toxin-antitoxin partners.
Curr Opin Struct Biol: 2011, 21(1);109-18
[PubMed:21315267] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Laurence Van Melderen
Toxin-antitoxin systems: why so many, what for?
Curr Opin Microbiol: 2010, 13(6);781-5
[PubMed:21041110] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Elizabeth M Fozo, Kira S Makarova, Svetlana A Shabalina, Natalya Yutin, Eugene V Koonin, Gisela Storz
Abundance of type I toxin-antitoxin systems in bacteria: searches for new candidates and discovery of novel families.
Nucleic Acids Res: 2010, 38(11);3743-59
[PubMed:20156992] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Kira S Makarova, Yuri I Wolf, Eugene V Koonin
Comprehensive comparative-genomic analysis of type 2 toxin-antitoxin systems and related mobile stress response systems in prokaryotes.
Biol Direct: 2009, 4;19
[PubMed:19493340] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I e)

Laurence Van Melderen, Manuel Saavedra De Bast
Bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems: more than selfish entities?
PLoS Genet: 2009, 5(3);e1000437
[PubMed:19325885] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Elizabeth M Fozo, Matthew R Hemm, Gisela Storz
Small toxic proteins and the antisense RNAs that repress them.
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev: 2008, 72(4);579-89, Table of Contents
[PubMed:19052321] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)

Kenn Gerdes, Susanne K Christensen, Anders Løbner-Olesen
Prokaryotic toxin-antitoxin stress response loci.
Nat Rev Microbiol: 2005, 3(5);371-82
[PubMed:15864262] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (P p)

Finbarr Hayes
Toxins-antitoxins: plasmid maintenance, programmed cell death, and cell cycle arrest.
Science: 2003, 301(5639);1496-9
[PubMed:12970556] [WorldCat.org] [DOI] (I p)