Cofactors

NAD⁺

• LplD
• IolG
• GapA
• RocG
• GudB
• Mdh

NADP⁺

• GapB
• Icd

Thiamine pyrophoshate, TPP

• Tkt

Copper

• CtaC (Cu(A))
• CtaD (Cu(B))
• QoxB (Cu(B))
• Sco

Nickel

• UreA-UreB-UreC (urease), the nickel ion binds the active site in UreC

Manganese

• LplD

Heme A

• CtaD

Thiamine pyrophosphate

E1 subunits of ketoacid dehydrogenases/ acetoin dehydrogenase

• PdhA

Lipoic acid

E2 subunits of ketoacid dehydrogenases/ acetoin dehydrogenase

• PdhC
• OdhB
• AcoC
• BkdB

H protein of the glycine cleavage system

• GcvH (also required for LipL-catalyzed octanoyl transfer from AcpA to the E2s)

pyridoxyl phosphate

• GcvP

tetrahydrofalate

• GcvT